Battle of Badr, the first resistance of the tyrant

The Battle of Badr (Arabic: غزوة بدر) took place between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraish of Mecca on the 17th of Ramadan (17 March 624 AD). This is the first major war in the history of Islam. As a result of this victory, the power of the Muslims increased more than before.

There were several skirmishes between the Muslims and the Quraish between 623 and 624 before the war. Badr was the first major battle between the two armies. The well-organized Muslims in the battle were able to break the ranks of the soldiers of Makkah. Abu Jahl, the main opponent of the Muslims, was killed in the battle.

Background

After the spread of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) faced opposition from the Quraish of Makkah. Due to the persecution of Muslims, Muslims migrated to Medina. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself migrated to Medina at one stage. In the Qur'anic verses revealed after the migration, Muslims were allowed to carry weapons. After arriving in Medina, Muhammad took three major military steps. First, a peace treaty was established with the tribes of Medina; Second, spies were hired to gather information about the Quraish and their allies; Thirdly, the trade caravans of Makkah bound for Syria were raided by the side of Medina. 

In November or December 2323, Muhammad led an expedition against a large trade convoy from Mecca to Syria. The caravan had a lot of valuables in this caravan. There were 150 to 200 members of the Muslim army and 30 camels for riding. Muhammad led them to Zul-Usairah. But the Muslims could not stop them because the Quraish had crossed the road a few days before their arrival. This expedition is known as Gajwaye Ushaira. According to Ibn Ishaq, for this expedition, Muhammad left Jamadiul Awal at the end of 2 AH and returned at the beginning of Jamadiul Akhir.

In January 624 (the month of Rajam 2 AH) Muhammad sent twelve emigrants on an expedition. Each camel was assigned a camel for two people to ride. Muhammad sent a letter to Abdullah ibn Jahsh, the leader of the army, asking him to read it after two days. Abdullah ibn Jahsh read the letter to cross the two-day route as instructed. It instructed them, after reading the letter, to proceed to Nakhla, between Mecca and Taif. The Quraish then waited for the caravan to arrive and were informed of their condition and position in Medina. After reading the instructions in the letter, they proceeded. On the way, however, the camels of Saad ibn Abi Waqqas and Utbah ibn Ghazwan were lost and they retreated.

Abdullah ibn Jahsh reached Nakhla with his army and saw a Quraish caravan. Among them were Usman bin Abdullah and Nawfal bin Abdullah, the two sons of Abdullah bin Mughira, and Amr bin Hadrami and Hakim bin Qaisan, the freed slaves of Mughira. This day was the last day of the month of Rajab. Rajab was a forbidden month so it was not possible to attack. On the other hand, given the time of the end of the month, the caravan will enter the forbidden borders of Makkah, so it will not be possible to attack them anymore. In this situation, the Muslim army decided to attack the caravan. Amr ibn Hadrami was killed by an arrow at the beginning of the attack. The Muslims arrested Uthman bin Abdullah and Hakim bin Qaisan. Nawfal bin Abdullah was able to escape. 

Muhammad was outraged when the Muslim group returned to attack in the month of Rajab. He said he did not allow them to fight in the holy month. He refused to accept the wealth and prisoners taken from the caravan. [4] On the other hand, the Quraish began to insult the Muslims because of the attack in the month of Rajab. [5] ] [5] After this verse was revealed, Muhammad accepted the caravan and the prisoners. The Quraish sent messages asking for the release of 'Uthman and Hakim, and offered goods in exchange. But Saad ibn Abi Waqqas and Utbah ibn Ghazwan, who had gone missing earlier, did not return. He did not agree to the offer at that time as his life was in the hands of the Quraish. The two then returned and took the goods and released the prisoners. Among the captives, Hakim ibn Qaisan converted to Islam and remained in Medina. He was later killed in Bir Mauna. Uthman bin Abdullah left for Mecca.

Earlier, on the way back to Mecca from Syria, the Quraish caravan, which had escaped from the Ushairas in Ghazwa, sent Talha ibn Ubaidillah and Said ibn Zayd to the north to gather their information. When they reached Hawra, they were waiting for the Quraish caravan, and when the caravan passed, they returned to Medina to report the incident. The caravan contained a thousand camels, and these camels were valued at 50,000 gold coins. There were 40 guards in the caravan for maintenance.

Muhammad called on the Muslims to attack the caravan. However, he did not mention that it was necessary for all to take part in it, as there was no fear of facing a large Quraish force later. As a result, many Muslims remained in Medina. After the announcement, Muhammad set out for Badr.

War

Journey to Badr

Muhammad was accompanied by Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib, Mus'ab ibn Umayr, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Ammar ibn Yasir and Abu Jar al-Ghiffari. Uthman ibn Affan could not go to war because of his wife's illness. Salman Farsi was a slave of others at that time so he also did not take part in the war. The number of soldiers in the force was 313. Among them, there were 72 Muhajirs and among the Ansar, there were 71 Aws and 160 Khajraj. The Muslims had 60 camels and two horses. As a result, they had no choice but to walk in front of them or use one camel for every two or three people. In this arrangement, a camel was allotted to Muhammad, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Marsad ibn Abi Marsad.

Muhammad gave a white flag to Musab ibn Umayr for overall leadership. For the Muhajirs and the Ansar, a black flag was given to Ali ibn Abi Talib and Saad ibn Mu'az, respectively. Zubair ibn al-Awwam and Mikdad ibn Amr were appointed chiefs of the right and left divisions of the army, respectively. They rode on two horses belonging to the Muslim army. Qais ibn Abi was appointed head of the rear. Muhammad took charge of the entire army.

Quraish caravan

Fearing an attack, Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraish caravan, was gathering information from various caravans he met on the way about a possible operation by Muslim forces. As a result, he received news of an attack by Muslims. So Zamzam Ibn Amr Ghiffari was sent to Mecca as a messenger seeking help. He hurried to Mecca and, according to the Arab custom of the day, slapped the camel's nose, overturned his seat, tore off his shirt, and sat on the camel, declaring that the caravan of Mecca could fall into the hands of the Muslims.

The forces of Mecca

“The Quraish, the caravan is attacked, the caravan is attacked. You have wealth with Abu Sufyan, Muhammad and his companions are coming forward to attack him. So I don't think you will get it. So come forward for help, go ahead. "

-After reaching Makkah, Zamzam Ibn Amr called Ghiffari

After hearing this news, a stir started in Makkah. A force of 1,300 soldiers was quickly formed and Abu Jahl became the head of the force. The force consisted of numerous camels, 100 horses, and 600 iron armor. Nine aristocratic Quraish took charge of the supply. Sometimes 9 and sometimes 10 camels were slaughtered daily for the army.

Abu Jahl, Utbah Ibn Rabia, Shaiba Ibn Rabia, Abul Bakhtari Ibn Hisham, Hakim Ibn Hijam, Nawfel Ibn Khuwailid, Haris Ibn Amir, Tuaima Ibn Adi, Nader Ibn Haris, Jama'a Ibn Aswad and Umayya Ibn Khakaf. Give. There were several reasons for this. Some wanted to protect their property in the caravan, and others wanted to avenge the death of Ibn al-Hadrami. Some also join in the belief that victory over Muslims is easy. Abu Lahab himself did not take part in the battle and sent Asi Ibn Hisham Ibn Mughira, who owed him 4,000 dirhams, in return for the loan. Umayya Ibn Khalaf first decided not to take part in the war. At that time Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt addressed her as a woman. As a result, Umayya Ibn Khalaf was ashamed and started preparing for war. However, none of the Banu Adi tribes among the Quraish took part in this battle.

On the other hand, Abu Sufyan was constantly collecting news. When he reached Badr, he met a man named Majdi Ibn Amr. When he asked him about the forces in Medina, Mazdi could not say anything clearly. However, he said that he saw two camel riders sitting on a camel next to the tiller and filling the mush with water. So Abu Sufyan went there as a precaution and saw the camel dung broken. By looking at the seed pods obtained from the dung, one can understand that these were the dates of Medina and he was free from doubt about the arrival of Muslims. He then took the caravan to Yanbu on the coast. When the army of Makkah reached the place called Juhfa, the messenger sent by Abu Sufyan came and informed us that the caravan was safe so it should not return.

Upon hearing this news, most of the Makkah forces agreed to return. But Abu Jahl, the army chief, refused to return without a fight. Then Banu Juhra, an ally of the tribe and the chief of the tribe's army, advised Akhnas Ibn Sharik to return. But since most did not agree with him, he returned to Mecca with 300 members of the Banu Juhra tribe. As a result, the number of troops in Makkah was reduced to 1,000. Later, members of the Banu Juhra tribe rejoiced at Akhnas' decision.

Similarly, Banu Hashim wants to return to Makkah. But due to the zeal of Abu Jahl they took part in the war. Meccan forces advanced and took refuge behind a tiller in the Badr valley.

Muslim plan

“And remember, Allah promises you that one of the two parties will come under your control. But you wanted the unarmed party to come under your control, and Allah wanted to establish the truth with His word and to destroy the disbelievers. ”

-Qur'an: Surah Al-Anfal, verse: 6

The Muslims heard of the advance of the forces of Makkah. The Muslim army was originally formed to attack the caravan, they were not ready for a massive battle. The Muslims could have retreated without facing the Quraish at that time but this would have greatly increased the power of the Quraish and they could have advanced and attacked Medina. On the other hand, the majority of the Ansar of Medina in the army were not forced to fight outside Medina according to the Aqaba Bayat and the cost of the campaign was high for them. So Muhammad called a war meeting to discuss the situation. At the meeting, Muhajir and Ansar all agreed to face the Quraish. Then the Muslims advanced and reached Badr.

Upon arriving here, Muhammad and Abu Bakr set out to gather news of the opposition. At that time they saw an old man. Muhammad asked him about both the Muslim and Quraish forces. That person gives accurate information about the two forces. That evening Ali ibn Abi Talib, Zubair ibn al-Awwam and Saad ibn Abi Waqqas were sent to collect information. They captured two men collecting water from a well in Badr. After questioning, they said they were members of the Makkah army and were collecting water for the army. Muhammad was praying at that time. The Muslims present were skeptical of the veracity of his words. So they beat them and asked the same question again. They then replied that they were not of the Quraish but of Abu Sufyan's caravan.

Upon learning this, Muhammad became angry. He asserted that his confession had been obtained through torture and that his confession had been obtained through torture. He then interrogated them. They point to the hill at the far end of the valley and say that the Quraish are behind it and that nine or ten camels are slaughtered for them every day. Upon hearing this, Muhammad said that their number would be 900 to 1,000. The prisoners then mentioned the names of the noble Quraish leaders who had joined the army.

"Mecca throws pieces of his collarbone at your side"

Muhammad's remarks after hearing the names of the leaders of Makkah

In order to reach Badr earlier, Muhammad ordered them to march towards Badr. His aim was to prevent the Quraish from occupying the well. At night the Muslims stop near Badr. At that time Hubab ibn Munjir said that if it is a command of Allah then it should be implemented. But if Muhammad stayed here as a tactic, it would be better not to stay here, but to close to the nearest well to the Quraish, to close all the other wells, and to build a cistern over their own wells to collect water. As a result, even if the Muslims get water, the Quraish will be deprived of water. Upon hearing this, Muhammad obeyed the advice and ordered that the camp be set up at the nearest well to the Quraish before midnight. After reaching there, all the remaining wells were closed by making a cistern.

After the Muslims occupied the well as planned, on the advice of Saad ibn Mu'adh, a tent was erected for Muhammad on the northeast hill of the battlefield. From here the war situation could be better observed.

Day of war

“O Allah, fulfill the promise you made. O Allah, I wish the fulfillment of your promise. ”

-Muhammad's prayers at the beginning of the war

On the day of battle, the Quraish broke up the camp and marched towards Badr. When they reached Badr, they sent Umayr ibn Wahab to gather information from the Muslims. Umair came and said that the Muslim army was small and there was no possibility of a new army coming to help. However, he acknowledged that their numbers were not enough to defeat Al Qaeda. In this way, he feared a great loss for the Quraish. The casualties in the Arab war were not so great that the Quraish lost their morale as a result. They re-engage in arguments.

Hakim ibn Hijam, one of the leaders of the Quraish, requested another leader, Utbah ibn Rabia, to return. In reply, Utbah said that he was willing to go back and also to pay the blood money of Amr Ibn Hadrami who was killed in Nakhla. But Abu Jahl did not agree, so he told Hakim to persuade him. Utbah then said that the intention of the Quraish present was that their own brothers might be killed at their hands in this battle so they would not like to see the bodies of the slain even if they won the battle and they would be known as relatives killers. So his suggestion was that the Quraish return to Makkah and that Muhammad is left to the other Arab tribes. If they kill him, the Quraish will succeed, and they will be innocent of Muhammad.

Hakim Ibn Hijam advised Abu Jahl to go back. But Abu Jahl sternly said that he would not return without a fight. He also denounced the suggestion of Utbar's return, saying that Utbar's son was in the group of Muslims and advised him not to fight to save his son. It is to be noted that Utbah's son Abu Huzaifa Ibn Utbah became a Muslim in the early days of Islam. Upon learning this from the judge, Utbah was embarrassed and said that he was not a coward and that he would not return until a final agreement had been reached with Muhammad. On the other hand, Abu Jahl went to Amir Ibn Hadrami, the brother of Amr who was killed in Nakhla, and complained that Utbah wanted to leave the battlefield so it would not be possible to avenge his brother's death. Upon hearing this, Amir began to mourn for his dead brother, tearing his clothes with dust all over his body. As a result, all the efforts of the magistrate to stop the war failed.

On the eve of the start of the war, Aswad Ibn Abdul Asad Makhzumi of the Quraish came forward and announced that he would seize the reservoir of Muslim water or at least give his life for it. Then Hamza Ibn Abdul Muttalib advanced and fought with him. Aswad's legs were severed in the fight. Injured Aswad advanced towards the cistern and entered the cistern boundary to keep his promise. Hamza then killed him. This was Badr's first death.

Then, according to the custom of the time, the fight started through a duel. Among the Quraish, Utbah ibn Rabia, Shaybah ibn Rabia, and Walid ibn Utbah advanced to fight. Hearing their call for battle, Auf ibn Haris, Mu'awiz ibn Haris, and Abdullah ibn Rawaha came forward from among the Ansar. But the Quraish warriors taunted them by saying that they were not worthy of them and that someone of the same class as the Quraish should be sent to fight. They were replaced by Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib, Ubaida bin Haris, and Ali bin Abi Talib. Shaiba with Hamza, Walid with Ali and Utbah with Ubaida. All three of the Quraish were killed in battle. Ubaida was wounded in the battle and was evacuated. He died a few days after the battle.

After the conflict, the Quraish started attacking the Muslims. Before the battle, Muhammad ordered that the arrows be fired as soon as the enemy approached in large numbers. The Muslims jumped on the opponents with the slogan "Ya Mansur Amit". In the battle, the Quraish of Makkah were dispersed and were forced to retreat. Mu'adh ibn 'Amr and Mu'adh ibn Afra killed Abu Jahl, the commander-in-chief of the Quraish. Bilal killed his former master Umayya Ibn Khalaf. Umar ibn al-Khattab killed his uncle As ibn Hisham ibn Mughira. The battle ended in the afternoon. The Qur'an mentions that thousands of angels came to the aid of the Muslims in this battle.

After the war, the slain Muslims were buried on the battlefield. The bodies of the slain Quraish were thrown into a well in Maidan. At that time the bodies of twenty-four chief Quraish leaders were thrown into the well. According to Arab custom, the Muslims returned to Medina after a three-day battle.

The next condition

Prisoner of war

After the war, the Muslims returned to Medina. At least 60 people, including some Quraish leaders, were taken, prisoner. The prisoners were treated well. The Muslims themselves eat dates and let the prisoners eat the bread.

Muhammad consulted with the Companions about what to do with the prisoners. At the meeting, Abu Bakr said that all the prisoners were brothers, members of the same clan or relatives of the Muslims. So the ransom should be released from them so that the money is saved in the fund of the Muslims and the prisoners get a chance to convert to Islam in the future. Like Umar ibn al-Khattab, without showing any kindness to the captives, the Muslims killed each of their relatives among the captives to prove that the Muslims have no weakness in the minds of the polytheists. Muhammad agreed with Abu Bakr and decided to release him in exchange for a ransom. The ransom is fixed from one thousand to four thousand dirhams. Besides, some prisoners including Muttalib Ibn Hantab, Saifi Ibn Abi Rifaya and Abu Izzah Jumahi were released without ransom. The latter two were later killed in the battle of Uhud. It was also announced that if those who knew how to read would teach 10 illiterate Muslims, it would be accepted as ransom. Among the prisoners was Muhammad's daughter Zainab bint Muhammad's husband Abul As. Abul As was released on the condition that Zaynab would not be prevented from coming to Medina. Umar offered to break Suhail's two front teeth so that he could no longer speak against the Muslims. But Muhammad did not accept the offer. Suhail represented Mecca during the Hudaybiyyah Treaty. He later converted to Islam.

The death penalty

Two prisoners of war were sentenced to death. They are Nadir bin Haris and Uqba bin Abu Muayit. On his way back from Badr, Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt was killed at Nadar ibn Haris in the Safra Valley and at a place called Irkuz Jubaya.

Reaction in Makkah

Haisman ibn Abdullah brought the news of the defeat of the Quraish to Makkah. Mourning for the dead began in Makkah. But then they restrained so that the Muslims would not rejoice at their mourning. The Quraish decided to avenge the defeat of Badr, and the following year the two armies clashed again at the battle of Uhud.

Effect

The Battle of Badr has had far-reaching effects. The victory of the war greatly increased Muhammad's authority as a leader. As a result, other Arab tribes began to see Muslims as a new force. Many in Medina converted to Islam at this time. The Muslims who took part in the battle of Badr were treated with great respect.

On the other hand, Abu Sufyan emerged as the new leader as a result of the death of many notable people of Makkah including Abu Jahl in the war. He later led the Quraish against the Muslims. During the conquest of Mecca, Abu Sufyan converted to Islam. After becoming a Muslim, Abu Sufyan played an important role in the Muslim empire. Later his son Muawiyah established the Umayyad Caliphate.

Influence in the modern era

The 1973 Egyptian invasion of Israel was called Operation Badr. During the Iranian operation against Iraq in the 1980s, Operation Badr was named after Badr.

The 1966 film The Message, directed by Mustafa Akkad, features scenes from the Battle of Badr. Also included are scenes from Muhammad: The Last Prophet and the TV series Umar Badr.

References

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•  Quran: Al-i-Imran 3: 123–125 (Yusuf Ali). "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful:" Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, - if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught."
•  "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 252". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Date of collection 20 September 2015. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: When it was the day (of the battle) of Badr, prisoners of war were brought including Al-Abbas who was undressed. The Prophet looked for a shirt for him. It was found that the shirt of 'Abdullah bin Ubai would do, so the Prophet let him wear it. That was the reason why the Prophet took off and gave his own shirt to 'Abdullah. (The narrator adds, "He had done the Prophet some favor for which the Prophet liked to reward him.")
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